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the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿 (421)
Beijing

保和殿:

      1、保和殿,明永乐十八年(1420年)建成,几经焚毁、重建。现在主体梁架仍为明代建筑。明初名谨身殿,明嘉靖四十一年(1562年)改建极殿,清顺治二年(1645年)始名保和殿。保和殿匾额“皇建有极”匾,为乾隆御笔。

      2、保和殿面阔9间,进深5间,建筑面积1240平方米,高29.50米。屋顶为重檐歇山顶,上覆黄色琉璃瓦,上下檐角均安防9个小兽。上檐为单翘重昂七彩斗拱,下檐为重昂五踩斗栱。内外檐均为金龙和玺彩画,天花为沥粉贴金正面龙。六架天花梁彩画极其别致,与偏重丹红的装修和陈设搭配协调,显得华贵富丽。殿内金砖铺地,坐北向南设雕镂金漆宝座。东西两梢间为暖阁,安板门两扇,上加木质浮雕如意云龙浑金毗庐帽。建筑上采用了减柱造做法,将殿内前檐金柱减去六根,使空间宽敞舒适。

      3、云龙石雕:保和殿后阶陛中间设有一块雕刻着云、龙、海水和山崖的御路石,人们称之为云龙石雕。这是紫禁城中最大的一块石雕,长十六米五七,宽三米零七,厚一米七零,重为二百五十吨。云龙图案在山崖、海水和流云之中,有九条口戏宝珠的游龙,形象动态十足,生机盎然。

      4、千龙吐水:千龙是指望柱下面伸出的千余个石雕龙头,每当雨天时雨水就从龙口中排出,使分流雨水的实用功能与建筑艺术的观赏功能有机地结合在了一起。千龙吐水的壮观景象出自太和、中和与保和三大殿矗立之上的三层台基。“三台”面积约为二千五百平方米,由大块汉白玉石砌成。每层台基的周围都雕有须弥座。须弥座上,横置着大块的长方石条,名为地狱。

      地狱之间立有望柱,望柱之间安设栏板。在它们之下,都凿有排水孔道。每个望柱下面伸出一个石雕龙头,整个“三台”共有一千一百四十二个龙头。除每层台基折角顶伸出的龙头外,其余龙头的两唇之间都钻有圆孔,与望柱底下的孔道相通。由于台面的设计是中间高于周边,落在“三台”上的雨水自然就都流向地势底的四周,于是便从龙口中排出,形成“千龙吐水”的奇观。

      5、保和殿的用途在不同时期也不尽相同,明朝大典前皇帝常在此更衣,册立皇后、太子时,皇帝在此殿受贺。清代初期每年除夕、正月十五,皇帝赐宴外藩、王公及一二品大臣,场面十分壮观。乾隆五十四年(1789年)殿试地点由太和殿移到保和殿。我国最后一次殿试是1904年,即光绪三十年,共取过进士150人。此后,在中国推行了一千余年的科举制度终止。

Copyright: Dxinwei
Type: Spherical
Resolution: 8198x4099
Taken: 14/10/2013
Chargée: 03/02/2014
Affichages ::

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Tags: palace
More About Beijing

Overview and HistoryIn the Stone Age, "Peking Man" lived near Beijing -- as many as 500,000 years ago. The earliest relics in China are stone tools dating to this time period. Between four and five thousand years ago there were agricultural settlements southwest of Beijing. They were the beginning of a city that would go through several name changes over the millenia.The legendary Yellow Emperor Huang Di battled Chiyou "in the wilderness of the Zhou prefecture." Zhoulu is a town to the west of modern Beijing. The Yellow Emperor's successor, Emperor Yao, established a capital city called Youdo. Youdo became a place called Ji, and Ji was taken over by the Marquis of Yan during the period of the Warring States (475 B.C.)Ji remained an important city for ten centuries. From China's first feudal empire through to the end of the Tang Dynasty, Ji was a strategic military center in the campaign to unite all of China.By the end of the Tang Dynasty in 907 A.D., the Qidan army came from the north and occupied Ji. They called it Nanjing, which meant "southern capital." During this time the Liao Dynasty ruled and carried out many reconstruction projects in the city, fortifying it for greater military use.The Nuzhen army conquered the Liao and established the Jin dynasty as of 1115 A.D., moving the city of Ji and renaming it "Zhongdu" which means "Central Capital." This meant more expansion and construction of palaces until the city spanned five kilometers across and contained an estimated one million people.Mongolian raiders invaded Zhongdu in 1215 A.D. and renamed it Dadu. Under Kublai Khan the Yuan Dynasty took Dadu as its capital and unified China!Since Zhongdu had been destroyed by fire in the change from Jin to Yuan dynasties, Kublai Khan took on a reconstruction project that was to expand the city into rectangular shape. It became the political center of the country with three main areas -- imperial palaces, the city walls, and the canal.By the coming of the thirteenth century, Dadu was a world famous city which astounded Marco Polo when he arrived. In his record he writes, "You must know that it is the greatest palace that ever was..."In 1368 Ming soldiers captured Dadu and renamed it Beiping or "Northern Peace." It went through another period of reconstruction which saw walls twelve meters high built around its perimeter, walls ten meters thick which took fifteen years to build. When they were done, Beiping became the official capital of the Ming Dynasty. With the completion of the palaces and gardens in 1420, Emperor Yongle renamed the city Beijing, "Northern Capital."Beijing grew once more and took on a rectangular shape with two distinct sections, the Inner City (Tartar) and the Outer City (Chinese). Its city planners gave it an organized arrangement that still felt relaxed.The Qing Dynasty came along circa 1644 A.D. and the Manchus built extended suburban gardens. These took more than a whole century to make, but when they were finished the open-air pavilions and palaces stood as a masterpiece of Chinese architecture. This was proper to show the power and refinement of traditional China, a fitting design for the capital of the empire.The Qing Dynasty lasted until 1911 but collapsed into chaos at the hands of the Northern Warlords. Beijing suffered a lack of leadership until 1949, when the People's Liberation Army entered the city. From Tian'anmen Square in the center of the city, Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China, with Beijing as its capital.Since then it has continued to expand, surpassing the nine gates of the inner city wall, beyond the seven outer gates, and into the suburbs. Beijing now takes up 750 square kilometers! The city retains its old symmetry with a central axis that runs north-south, and the Imperial Palace Museum at the center. This palace was once called the "Forbidden City" but it is now a museum open to the public.Getting ThereThe Beijing Capital International Airport is located 25km northeast of the city. It is the center of China's civil aviation network and it connects to 69 cities worldwide. The airport is linked to the city by bus, taxi and Beijing Subway Airport Line.The city government operates one bus line and private buses go and come from several hotels. The taxi stand is outside the terminal, as always, so don't ride with the drivers who harass you inside the terminal. A ride to the city center should cost about 70 RMB plus 15 RMB highway toll. You should also know that there's an airport tax of 90 RMB for international travelers. Keep your receipt!TransportationWithin the city you can choose from 67,000 GPS-equipped taxis, the bus or the metro. Half of their buses are running on natural gas now, which is a good move considering the city is adding fifty new bus routes per year. Whoa!The metro has two routes, the Loop Line and Line One. The Loop has sixteen stations and it runs parallel to where the city wall stood in the Ming era. Line One has twenty-one stops going from the suburbs on one side all the way across to the other side. It is safe to assume that there will be more metro lines to follow as Beijing grows.People and CultureOne of the unique sights in Beijing is a park filled with retired people doing their exercises early in the morning. Tai ch'i, QiGong, sword dancing and shadow boxing are forms of exercise and relaxation which have existed for more than two thousand years and are still popular today.Drinking tea in a teahouse and enjoying a folk opera in an old-style theater are both popular activities in Beijing culture. Beijing has more bars and pubs than any other Chinese city (more than 400), and it's also full of antique shops, silk markets and museums.Things to do, RecommendationsBeijing is massive and filled with interesting things to explore. For just a few examples, take a look at these:The National Stadium (bird's nest), the Water Cube, and ruins of the Yuan Dynasty city wall.If you like art, you have to check out the 798 Art District. It's named for Factory #798 and the district contains hundreds of galleries, bookstores and restaurants. Have fun!Text by Steve Smith.


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