1 Like
زبان حافظه‌ی جامعه است و تصویرِ حافظه‌ی هر جامعه در زبانِ آن جامعه بازتاب دارد. ا ادبِ شفاهیب یا اعامیانهب از شاخه‌های مهم دانش عوام به‌شمار می‌رود که شامل مجموعهای عظیم از ترانه‌ها، چیستان‌ها، قصه‌ها، مَتَل‌ها و زبانزدها و ضرب‌المثل‌ها می‌شود.
مَثَل جمله‌ای است کوتاه، مشهور و گاه آهنگین، حاوی بر تشبیه، استعاره یا کنایه که به‌دلیل روانیِ الفاظ، روشنیِ معنا، سادگی، شُمول و کلیت در میان مردم شهرت و رواج یافته و با تغییر یا بدون تغییر آن‌را به‌کار می‌برند.
مَثَل‌ها آینه‌ی فرهنگ، هنجارهای اجتماعی، عقاید، اندیشه‌ها، طرز زندگی، مَنِش، مناسبات، تمدن، اخلاق و معیارِ ذوق ملت‌هاست.
مَثَل‌ها گوینده‌ی مشخصی ندارند و همه‌ی مردم طی تاریخ آن‌ها را صیقل داده‌اند.
حجم مَثَل ایرانی دست کم بالغ بر یکصدهزار می‌شود که نشان می‌دهد ایرانیان از چه غنایِ فکری برخوردار بوده و هستند و بیش از ادبِ مکتوب و شعر و نثر تجلی‌گاه اندیشه‌های اجتماعی است؛ زیرا آن‌ها از بطن جامعه درآمده و سینه‌به‌سینه گشته تا به ما رسیده است.
درآستانه‌ی مشروطیت، زبانی نو از قلمِ اعلی‌اکبر دهخداب زاده شد که برگرفته از زبان اعوامب بود. او نوشته‌های انتقادی خود را در روزنامه‌ی اصوراسرافیلب زیر عنوان اچرند و پرندب و با امضای ادَخوب می‌نوشت که سرشار از اصطلاحات مردم کوچه و بازار و ضرب‌المثل‌ها بود ـ کار دهخدا را جمال‌زاده پی‌گرفت، اما اصادق هدایتب این نثر روان و ساده و بی‌تکلف را در داستان‌های خود به‌حدی رساند که او را بنیان‌گذار قصه‌نویسی مدرن ایران می‌دانند. ضرب‌المثل‌ها در داستان‌های هدایت در زبان شخصیت‌ها به‌خوبی جای گرفتند. او کتابی به نام انیرنگستانب نشر داد که فرهنگ توده‌ها، عقاید و باورهای خرافی آن‌ها را نشان داده است.
گفتنی است که زنده‌یاد ااحمد شاملوب کارِ سِتُرگ اکتاب کوچهب که جامع اصطلاحات و تعبیرات و ضرب‌المثل‌هاست را با کوششی سی‌ساله به کمک همسرش اآیداب به یادگار گذاشت.
نثر عوامب خصلتی جمعی دارد و زائیده‌ی اندیشه‌ی یک تن یا شخص واحد نیست و از حوادث مشترک مردم ناشی می‌شود.
فرهنگ عوامب مجموعهای گسترده از مَثَل‌ها، مَتَل‌ها، اُتل‌نوشته‌ها (داداش، مرگِ من یواش ـ نازش نَده، گازش بِده) اصطلاحات فروشندگان (بستنی آی بستنی، نوبر بهاره بستنی ـ آتیش زدم به مالم، به خاطر عیالم) نفرین‌ها (الهی جِزّجیگر بزنی ـ روی تخت مرده‌شور خونه ببینمت) قربان‌صدقه‌ها (به کَس کَسونش نمیدم، به همه کَسونش نمیدم، به کسی می‌دم که کَس باشه…) بازی‌های زبانی (یار دَستنبو به دستم داد و دَستم بوی دَستنبو گرفت) رَجَزها (سگ‌خور، زرشک هسته‌دار، هونگ دسته‌دار) تهدیدها (فیل باشی هم عاجت رو می‌شکنم ـ بلایی به سرت بیارم که مرغ‌های آسمون به حالت زار بزنن) بازی و سرودها (عمو زنجیرباف، زنجیر منو بافتی،
پشت کوه انداختی) است.
در کنار زبانِ معیارِ جوامع، گروه‌هایی که به نوعی مقررات جامعه را زیر پا می‌گذازند زبانی را خلق می‌کنند که به جهت پوشیده‌داشتن افکار و اسرار خود به آن ازبان مخفیب می‌گویند که شامل سارقان، زندانیان، بدنامان و معتادان می‌باشد؛ این زبان در میان جوانان نیز راه می‌یابد. نمونه‌ای از واژگان این زبان: بی‌بی‌سی (جاسوس، خبرچین، آنتن)، اسپید (هروئین)، چِت کردن (گیج شدن)، پنیر (حشیش)، کلیپس (مزاحم، سمج، موی دماغ).
اگر موضوع بدین گستردگی را همین‌جا درز بگیریم مَثَل زیر شامل حالمان می‌شود:
تمام شد کارِ پوستین، مانده پَس و پیش و هردو آستین!
فرهنگ قربانی آبان 93
Language is the society’s memory and the image of any society’s memory is reflected in its language. Spoken words or street talk is considered an important aspect of popular knowledge, containing a wide range of lyrics, riddles, tales, satires, popular sayings and proverbs.
Parable is a short sentence, popular and occasionally rhythmic which consists of similes, metaphors or sarcasms that because of its lucidity, clarity in meaning, simplicity, inclusion and totality has become popular amongst people and is commonly used in its original or altered forms.
Parables are the mirrors of culture, social norms, opinions, lifestyles, attitudes, relationships, civilization, behavior, and stand as a criterion of the nations’ passions.
Parables don’t have a unique narrator and people of all ways of life have shaped and polished them through history.
There are at least over one hundred thousand Iranian parables, suggestive of the opulent mentality that Iranians possessed and still do. More than written literature, prose and poetry, they are the manifestation of social thought. They have grown from within the society and have travelled mouth to mouth in order to reach us.
On the verge of the constitutional revolution, a new language, inspired by street talk came to life by Ali Akbar Dehkhoda . His satirical writings, titled Gibberish (Charand-o-Parand) were printed in Sur-Esrafil newspaper under the pseudonym Dakho and contained popular slangs and proverbs. Jamalzadeh followed in Dehkhoda’s footsteps but Sadegh Hedayat mastered the style and used this smooth, simple and honest prose in his stories so successfully that he is considered the founder of Modern Fiction in Iran. The usage of proverbs in Hedayat’s stories through the dialogues of his characters is well practiced. He published a book Neyrangestan, exemplifying mass culture, folkloric beliefs and superstitions of his characters.
It’s noteworthy that Ahmad Shamlou left behind Ketab-e Kouceh (The Book of Alley) , a collection of expressions and idioms, interpretations and proverbs which he gathered with tremendous difficulty in a period of 30 years with the help of his wife, Ayda.
“Popular Culture” consists of a wide collection of parables, satires, and bumper stickers (Dude, slow down for God’s sake/ For the love of Mike, step on it) , peddlers’ lingo (SALE, SALE, SALE, Hurry up, the last sale of the season/ Two for five) , curses (I curse the day you were born/ Wish you rot in hell), dance attending and kiss ass comments (I’ll die for you/ my sweet pumpkin/ honey bunny ), spoken games such as tongue twisters (She sells seashells by the seashore), brags (yeah right/ my ass/ bullshit), threats (Gonna kill you/ Angry grizzly bears are gonna look tame next to what is waiting for you ), games and songs (Along came Mr. Alligator quite as can be and snapped that monkey out that tree …).
Alongside the defined language of society, there are groups containing jailbirds, scandalous individuals and addicts that in order to cover their beliefs and secrets, ignore the rules and regulations of society and create a language of their own, called a “secret language” which eventually finds its way to the everyday language of youngsters. Examples of such terms include: BBC (spy, tattletale, snitch), Smack (Heroin), Stoned (dizzy and high), Dope (Hashish), Pest (Pain in the neck, pushy, pebble in the shoe).
Wrapping up such broad topic here in these few lines is only “scratching the surface.”
Farhang Ghorbani – November – 2014
Translated by Orkideh Daroodi
...
Overview and HistoryTehran is the capital of Iran and the largest city in the Middle East, with a population of fifteen million people living under the peaks of the Alborz mountain range.Although archaeological evidence places human activity around Tehran back into the years 6000BC, the city was not mentioned in any writings until much later, in the thirteenth century. It's a relatively new city by Iranian standards.But Tehran was a well-known village in the ninth century. It grew rapidly when its neighboring city, Rhages, was destroyed by Mongolian raiders. Many people fled to Tehran.In the seventeenth century Tehran became home to the rulers of the Safavid Dynasty. This is the period when the wall around the city was first constructed. Tehran became the capital of Iran in 1795 and amazingly fast growth followed over the next two hundred years.The recent history of Tehran saw construction of apartment complexes and wide avenues in place of the old Persian gardens, to the detriment of the city's cultural history.The city at present is laid out in two general parts. Northern Tehran is more cosmopolitan and expensive, southern Tehran is cheaper and gets the name "downtown."Getting ThereMehrabad airport is the original one which is currently in the process of being replaced by Imam Khomeini International Airport. The new one is farther away from the city but it now receives all the international traffic, so allow an extra hour to get there or back.TransportationTehran driving can be a wild free-for-all like some South American cities, so get ready for shared taxis, confusing bus routes and a brand new shiny metro system to make it all better. To be fair, there is a great highway system here.The metro has four lines, tickets cost 2000IR, and they have segregated cars. The women-only carriages are the last two at the end, FYI.Taxis come in two flavors, shared and private. Private taxis are more expensive but easier to manage for the visiting traveler. Tehran has a mean rush hour starting at seven AM and lasting until 8PM in its evening version. Solution? Motorcycle taxis! They cut through the traffic and any spare nerves you might have left.People and CultureMore than sixty percent of Tehranis were born outside of the city, making it as ethnically and linguistically diverse as the country itself. Tehran is the most secular and liberal city in Iran and as such it attracts students from all over the country.Things to do, RecommendationsTake the metro to the Tehran Bazaar at the stop "Panzda Gordad". There you can find anything and everything -- shoes, clothes, food, gold, machines and more. Just for the sight of it alone you should take a trip there.If you like being outside, go to Darband and drink tea in a traditional setting. Tehranis love a good picnic and there are plenty of parks to enjoy. Try Mellat park on a friday (fridays are public holidays), or maybe Park Daneshjou, Saaii or Jamshidieh.Remember to go upstairs and have a look around, always always always! The Azadi Tower should fit the bill; it was constructed to commemorate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian Empire.Tehran is also full of museums such as:the Contemporary Art Museumthe Abghine Musuem (glass works)the 19th century Golestan Royal Palace museumthe museum of carpets (!!!)Reza Abbasi Museum of extraordinary miniaturesand most stunning of all,the Crown Jewels Museum which holds the largest pink diamond in the world and many other jaw-dropping jewels.Text by Steve Smith.
